![]() Solway J, Fredberg JJ, Ingram RH, Pedersen OF, Drazen JM (1987) Interdependent regional lung emptying during forced expiration: a transistor model. Sly PD, Collins RA (2006) Physiological basis of respiratory signs and symptoms. Grotberg JB, Gavriely N (1989) Flutter in collapsible tubes: a theoretical model of wheezes. Meslier N, Charbonneau G, Racineux JL (1995) Wheezes. Mellis C (2008) Respiratory noises: how useful are they clinically? Pediatr Clin N Am 56(1):1–17 In: Eber E, Midulla F (eds) ERS handbook paediatric respiratory medicine. Priftis KN, Douros K, Anthracopoulos MB (2013) Snoring hoarseness, stridor and wheezing. Melbye H, Garcia-Marcos L, Brand P, Everard M, Priftis K, Pasterkamp H (2016) Wheezes crackles and rhonchi: simplifying description of lung sounds increases the agreement on their classification: a study of 12 physicians’ classification of lung sounds from video recordings. Pasterkamp H, Brand PL, Everard M, Garcia-Marcos L, Melbye H, Priftis KN (2016) Towards standardisation of lung sound nomenclature. Sovijärvi AR, Dalmasso F, Vanderschoot J, Righini G, Stoneman SA (2000) Definition of terms for applications of respiratory sounds. Elsevier-WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 110–130ĭalmay F, Antonini MT, Marquet P, Menier R (1995) Acoustic properties of the normal chest. In: Wilmott RW, Boat TF, Bush A, Chernick V, Deterding RR, Ratjen F (eds) Kendig and Chernick’s disorders of the respiratory tract in children, 8th edn. ![]() Pasterkamp H (2012) The history and physical examination. Pasterkamp H, Kraman SS, Wodicka GR (1997) Respiratory sounds: advances beyond the stethoscope. HERMES ERS, Lausanne, pp 33–43īohadana A, Izbicki G, Kraman SS (2014) Fundamentals of lung auscultation. ![]() Mosby-Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 491–499Īnthracopoulos MB, Douros K, Priftis KN (2013) History and physical examination. In: Taussig LM, Landau LI, LeSouëf PN, Martinez FD, Morgan WJ, Sly PD (eds) Pediatric respiratory medicine, 2nd edn. Macmillan, New Yorkīrown AM, von Mutius E, Morgan WJ (2008) Clinical assessment and diagnostic approach to common problems. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.ĭeGowin EL (ed) (1987) Bedside diagnostic examination: a comprehensive pocket textbook. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome (OSAHS).The four clinical cases included at the end of this chapter highlight the value of the proper understanding of breath sounds. The characteristics and the pathogenesis of adventitious breath sounds (stridor, wheeze, crackles, squawk) are briefly addressed and their clinical usefulness is discussed voice-transmitted sounds and noisy breathing (grunt, snuffle, rattle, snore) are also presented. ![]() This chapter focuses on lung sounds as they are reported by patients (or by their guardians in the case of young children) and as a sign noted on chest auscultation performed with the stethoscope. Consequently, respiratory sounds, either heard at a distance or auscultated over the chest, are integral to the evaluation of patients and may provide valuable clues. Respiratory complaints are frequently the cause that brings a patient to the doctor, and the respiratory system is the most commonly affected organ system in clinical practice. However, despite today’s technological wonders, a proper history and a sound physical examination have no substitute as the initial step in making a correct diagnosis and, by consequence, providing the appropriate treatment. Respiratory medicine relies both on clinical information and on complementary, laboratory tests results.
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